Diplomatic policy responses

Goal

• Rules-enforcement

Policy levers

• Unilateral criticisms of economic coercion
• Bilateral joint statements raising concerns about economic coercion
• Unilateral criticisms of economic coercion in multilateral fora
• Multilateral/minilateral communiques raising concerns about economic coercion

Examples

• Leader- and ministerial-level criticisms of economic coercion
• Readout of Ambassador Katherine Tai’s Meeting with Australian Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment Dan Tehan (for numerous other bilateral examples, see here)
• The Australian Prime Minister’s speech at the Davos World Economic Forum
• Quad Joint Leaders’ Statement (for numerous other multilateral/minilateral examples, see here)

Trade law policy responses

Goal

• Rules-enforcement

Policy levers

• WTO dispute resolution processes
• Participation of likeminded Third Parties in WTO dispute resolution processes

Examples

• DS598: China — Anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures on barley from Australia
• DS602: China — Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Wine from Australia

Trade diversification policy responses

Goal

• Resilience-raising

Policy levers

• Export-promotion initiatives in emerging and established markets
• Market access initiatives, including new free trade agreements (FTAs) and trade access expansion within extant FTAs

Examples

• Agribusiness Expansion Initiative (short-term Agriculture Counsellors)
• Australia-European Union FTA

Financial support policy responses

Goal

• Resilience-raising

Policy levers

• Government loans targeted towards exporters impacted by economic coercion

Examples

• Agribusiness Expansion Initiative (Agricultural Trade and Market Access Cooperation Program)